Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2026 Mar 6:S1064-7481(26)00095-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2026.02.015. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Affective neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS)-depression, anxiety, and apathy-are frequent in older adults. Understanding which clinical characteristics might be associated with which affective NPS may guide future treatment and prevention strategies.
DESIGN: The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center dataset, a large case series of more than 170,000 clinical visits.
SETTING: Multiple Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers throughout the United States.
PARTICIPANTS: Adults 60 years and older with and without cognitive impairment.
MEASUREMENTS: The authors associated the odds of depression, anxiety, and apathy with clinical variables, including common and cardiovascular comorbidities, vital signs, medication classes, APOE status, race and ethnicity, and marital status across three cognitive groups: Cognitively Normal, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia.
RESULTS: Hearing loss and sleep abnormalities were robustly associated with all affective NPS at all cognitive stages. Cardiovascular diseases were not consistently associated with depression but were associated with greater apathy odds in cognitively normal participants. Nearly all odds ratios for all three affective NPS tended to attenuate to 1 as cognition worsened, potentially suggesting that neurodegeneration may drive affective NPS beyond other risk factors. Other associations with angina, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, heart rate, tobacco use, and race were noted.
CONCLUSIONS: Clinical associations often vary by NPS metric choice. Hearing and sleep deficits may be important therapeutic targets to increase quality of life by reducing affective NPS in older adults. Further research into the specific biological mechanisms whereby neurodegeneration can cause affective NPS presentation may be warranted, separate from other risk factors for affective NPS in older adults.
PMID:41896046 | DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2026.02.015