Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2026 May;44(2):315-331. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2025.09.003. Epub 2026 Feb 20.
ABSTRACT
In patients with shock, early recognition and timely initiation of appropriate management critically impacts patient outcomes. Currently prevalent approaches to shock in the emergency department have two major limitations: reliance hypotension as a defining criterion, and confining evaluation and management within a four-category framework. This approach risks oversimplifying a complex, dynamic physiologic state by emphasizing diagnostic labeling over a mechanistic approach to circulatory failure. This article reframes shock as a continuum progressing from physiologic stress to tissue hypoperfusion resulting from a failure of forward flow, which is conceptualized here as the sum of competing forward, backward, and external pressures. Approaching hemodynamics through this lens offers a mental model of shock that balances physiologic sophistication with clinical utility in order to equip frontline clinicians with a more robust toolset for evaluation and management of complex shock patients.
PMID:41895881 | DOI:10.1016/j.emc.2025.09.003