Growth differentiation factor-15 and the incidence, bidirectional progression, and risk prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026 Jun 12. doi: 10.1186/s12933-026-03243-8. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a circulating biomarker reflecting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular aging. However, its role in disease risk assessment amongst indivi

X Xiaojing Chen