Endocrine. 2026 Aug 3;91(1):248. doi: 10.1007/s12020-026-04735-z.
ABSTRACT
AIM: Time in Tight Range (TITR) is physiologically closer to normoglycemia than time in range (TIR) and has been linked to microvascular risk. We aimed to evaluate associations of TITR with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)-derived retinal parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to compare its performance with TIR.
METHODS: We retrospectively included adults with T1D who underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and OCTA. TITR-DR associations were tested using multivariable logistic regression with restricted cubic splines. Linear mixed-effects models assessed TITR/TIR associations with OCTA-derived parameters, followed by exploratory threshold-based comparisons. DR discrimination of TITR versus TIR was assessed using ROC analysis.
RESULTS: We analyzed 259,568 glucose readings from 153 participants. Each 10-percentage-point increase in TITR was associated with 29.5% lower odds of DR (adjusted OR 0.705; p = 0.004), without evidence of nonlinearity. In continuous analyses, both TITR and TIR were positively associated with deep vascular complex (DVC) vessel density and perfusion area; in exploratory threshold-based analyses, the TITR 50% cutoff showed significant DVC differences, whereas the TIR 70% cutoff showed no consistent differences. DR discrimination was similar for TITR and TIR (p = 0.635), whereas TITR was more closely related to hypoglycemia exposure (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Higher TITR was associated with lower odds of DR and more favorable DVC vessel density and perfusion area in hospitalized adults with T1D. TITR showed DR discrimination comparable to TIR but may provide complementary information on hypoglycemia exposure and DVC differences in threshold-based analyses.
PMID:42545593 | DOI:10.1007/s12020-026-04735-z