J Behav Med. 2026 Mar 31. doi: 10.1007/s10865-026-00640-y. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study examines how different trait self-control constructs and discounting relate to each other and to modifiable behavioral and cardiometabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from 8453 adults (18-65 years) participating in the Lifelines Cohort and the LIFESTYLE Study were analyzed. Participants self-reported on trait self-control constructs (Brief Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, Delaying Gratification Inventory Short-form, Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Risk Propensity Scale), delay discounting (exponential discounting and present bias parameters of the quasi-hyperbolic discount model elicited using choice lists), probability discounting (risk premium elicited using a certainty equivalent task), physical activity, sedentary behavior, fat and sugar intake, and sleep duration. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and pulse pressure were measured during a Lifelines clinic visit.
RESULTS: Measures of trait self-control constructs showed moderate correlations with each other, and very weak correlations with discounting measures. Discounting measures correlated (very) weakly with each other. Regression analyses showed that the Brief Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, and Delaying Gratification Inventory Short-form were significantly associated with all of studied outcomes in the expected direction-higher self-control linked to better health outcomes. Other trait self-control construct and discounting measures demonstrated weaker associations. Allowing measures to group into factors did not improve predictive power.
CONCLUSION: Trait self-control constructs and discounting are very weakly to moderately related, suggesting they represent distinct facets of a broader construct. Certain trait self-control constructs are important predictors of CVD risk, highlighting potential targets for interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health.
PMID:41915354 | DOI:10.1007/s10865-026-00640-y