Front Med (Lausanne). 2026 May 14;13:1803092. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1803092. eCollection 2026.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Since their implementation in Spain, adherence of hospitals to Patient Blood Management (PBM) programs has been variable, potentially influencing transfusion practices. This study aimed to evaluate, in a real-world surgical setting, the frequency and appropriateness of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion.
METHODS: A prospective multicenter study in 43 Spanish hospitals including surgical patients. Transfusion appropriateness was evaluated using evidence-based criteria based on hemoglobin thresholds and clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, acute hemorrhage, or high comorbidity burden. Statistical analyses identified factors associated with transfusion practices.
RESULTS: The overall perioperative RBC transfusion rate was 9.7%, with the highest rates in cardiac (52.9%), vascular (17.9%), and orthopedic (12.3%) surgeries. RBC transfusion was associated with older patients with comorbidities, lower preoperative hemoglobin, higher ASA score and worse surgical meters and postoperative outcomes. Transfused patients showed significantly lower 60-day survival. Critically, 43% of transfusions were inappropriate, while transfusion omission (1.9%) may represent a clinical concern that warrants further investigation. Inappropriate transfusion was more frequent in older comorbidity patients according to Charlson Comorbidity Index in urgent surgery. In multivariable analysis, age was a factor associated with inappropriate transfusion, by cons, surgical blood loss was the main protective factor against inappropriate transfusion.
CONCLUSION: As far as we know, this is the first Spanish multicenter study evaluating transfusion appropriateness in surgical scenario. Despite a lower overall transfusion rate than international figures, nearly half of transfusions were inappropriate and transfusion omission, also represents a real clinical concern. Implementation of decision-support tools and strengthened PBM protocols are needed to address factors associated with inappropriate transfusion, such as age, and to optimize patient safety and resource use.
PMID:42221112 | PMC:PMC13216454 | DOI:10.3389/fmed.2026.1803092